Measures for the Management of Forest Harvesting and Regeneration

(1987年8月25日国务院批准　1987年9月10日林业部发布　根据2011年1月8日《国务院关于废止和修改部分行政法规的决定》修订)

(Approved by the State Council on August 25, 1987; Promulgated by the Ministry of Forestry on September 10, 1987; Revised in accordance with the Decision of the State Council on Abolishing and Amending Certain Administrative Regulations on January 8, 2011)

为合理采伐森林，及时更新采伐迹地，恢复和扩大森林资源，根据《中华人民共和国森林法》(以下简称森林法)及有关规定，制定本办法。

These Measures are formulated in accordance with the Forest Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Forest Law) and relevant provisions, for the purpose of rationally harvesting forests, timely regenerating harvested areas, and restoring and expanding forest resources.

森林采伐更新要贯彻“以营林为基础，普遍护林，大力造林，采育结合，永续利用”的林业建设方针，执行森林经营方案，实行限额采伐，发挥森林的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。

Forest harvesting and regeneration shall implement the forestry construction policy of 'taking silviculture as the foundation, universally protecting forests, vigorously afforesting, integrating harvesting and cultivation, and sustainable utilization,' execute forest management plans, implement quota-based harvesting, and give play to the ecological, economic, and social benefits of forests.

全民、集体所有的森林、林木和个人所有的林木采伐更新，必须遵守本办法。

The harvesting and regeneration of forests owned by the whole people or collectives, and of trees owned by individuals, must comply with these Measures.

森林采伐，包括主伐、抚育采伐、更新采伐和低产林改造。

Forest harvesting includes final cutting, tending cutting, regeneration cutting, and low-yield forest transformation.

采伐林木按照森林法实施条例第三十条规定，申请林木采伐许可证时，除提交其他必备的文件外，国营企业事业单位和部队还应当提交有关主管部门核定的年度木材生产计划；农村集体、个人还应当提交基层林业站核定的年度采伐指标。上年度进行采伐的，应当提交上年度的更新验收合格证。

When applying for a forest tree harvesting permit in accordance with Article 30 of the Implementing Regulations of the Forest Law, in addition to submitting other necessary documents, state-owned enterprises, institutions, and military units shall also submit the annual timber production plan approved by the competent department concerned; rural collectives and individuals shall also submit the annual harvesting quota approved by the grassroots forestry station. If harvesting was conducted in the previous year, the regeneration acceptance certificate for the previous year shall be submitted.

林木采伐许可证的核发，按森林法及其实施条例的有关规定办理。授权核发林木采伐许可证，应当有书面文件。被授权核发林木采伐许可证的单位，应当配备熟悉业务的人员，并受授权单位监督。

The issuance of forest tree harvesting permits shall be handled in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Forest Law and its implementing regulations. Authorization to issue forest tree harvesting permits shall be in writing. The unit authorized to issue forest tree harvesting permits shall be staffed with personnel familiar with the business and shall be subject to the supervision of the authorizing unit.

国营林业局、国营林场根据林木采伐许可证、伐区设计文件和年度木材生产计划，向其基层经营单位拨交伐区，发给国有林林木采伐作业证。作业证格式由省、自治区、直辖市林业主管部门制定。

State-owned forestry bureaus and state-owned forest farms shall, based on the forest tree harvesting permit, the cutting area design documents, and the annual timber production plan, allocate cutting areas to their grassroots operating units and issue state-owned forest tree harvesting operation certificates. The format of the operation certificate shall be formulated by the forestry competent department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government.

对用材林的成熟林和过熟林实行主伐。主要树种的主伐年龄，按《用材林主要树种主伐年龄表》的规定执行。定向培育的森林以及表内未列入树种的主伐年龄，由省、自治区、直辖市林业主管部门规定。

Final cutting shall be carried out on mature and overmature forests of timber forests. The cutting age for main tree species shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of the 'Table of Cutting Ages for Main Tree Species of Timber Forests.' The cutting age for directionally cultivated forests and tree species not listed in the table shall be determined by the forestry competent department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government.

用材林的主伐方式为择伐、皆伐和渐伐。

The final cutting methods for timber forests are selective cutting, clear-cutting, and shelterwood cutting.

中幼龄树木多的复层异龄林，应当实行择伐。择伐强度不得大于伐前林木蓄积量的40%，伐后林分郁闭度应当保留在0.5以上。伐后容易引起林木风倒、自然枯死的林分，择伐强度应当适当降低。两次择伐的间隔期不得少于一个龄级期。

Selective cutting shall be implemented for multi-layered uneven-aged forests with many young and middle-aged trees. The intensity of selective cutting shall not exceed 40% of the standing volume before cutting, and the canopy density after cutting shall be maintained at 0.5 or above. For stands prone to windthrow or natural death after cutting, the selective cutting intensity shall be appropriately reduced. The interval between two selective cuttings shall not be less than one age class period.

成过熟单层林、中幼龄树木少的异龄林，应当实行皆伐。皆伐面积一次不得超过5公顷，坡度平缓、土壤肥沃、容易更新的林分，可以扩大到20公顷。在采伐带、采伐块之间，应当保留相当于皆伐面积的林带、林块。对保留的林带、林块，待采伐迹地上更新的幼树生长稳定后方可采伐。皆伐后依靠天然更新的，每公顷应当保留适当数量的单株或者群状母树。

Clear-cutting shall be implemented for mature and overmature single-layered forests and uneven-aged forests with few young and middle-aged trees. The area of a single clear-cutting shall not exceed 5 hectares; for stands with gentle slopes, fertile soil, and easy regeneration, it may be expanded to 20 hectares. Between cutting strips or cutting blocks, forest strips or blocks equivalent to the clear-cutting area shall be retained. The retained forest strips or blocks shall not be harvested until the young trees regenerated on the clear-cut area have grown stably. If natural regeneration is relied upon after clear-cutting, an appropriate number of individual or group seed trees shall be retained per hectare.

天然更新能力强的成过熟单层林，应当实行渐伐。全部采伐更新过程不得超过一个龄级期。上层林木郁闭度较小，林内幼苗、幼树株数已经达到更新标准的，可进行二次渐伐，第一次采伐林木蓄积量的50%；上层林木郁闭度较大，林内幼苗、幼树株数达不到更新标准的，可进行三次渐伐，第一次采伐林木蓄积量的30%，第二次采伐保留林木蓄积的50%，第三次采伐应当在林内更新起来的幼树接近或者达到郁闭状态时进行。

Shelterwood cutting shall be implemented for mature and overmature single-layered forests with strong natural regeneration ability. The entire cutting and regeneration process shall not exceed one age class period. If the canopy density of the upper layer is relatively low and the number of seedlings and saplings in the forest has reached the regeneration standard, a two-stage shelterwood cutting may be carried out, with the first cutting removing 50% of the standing volume; if the canopy density of the upper layer is relatively high and the number of seedlings and saplings in the forest has not reached the regeneration standard, a three-stage shelterwood cutting may be carried out, with the first cutting removing 30% of the standing volume, the second cutting removing 50% of the retained standing volume, and the third cutting carried out when the regenerated young trees in the forest are approaching or have reached a closed canopy state.

毛竹林采伐后每公顷应当保留的健壮母竹，不得少于2000株。

After harvesting a moso bamboo forest, no less than 2,000 healthy mother bamboos shall be retained per hectare.

对下列森林只准进行抚育和更新采伐：

Only tending and regeneration cutting are permitted for the following forests:

(一)大型水库、湖泊周围山脊以内和平地150米以内的森林，干渠的护岸林。

(1) Forests within the ridge line around large reservoirs and lakes and within 150 meters of flat land, and the bank protection forests of main canals.

(二)大江、大河两岸150米以内，以及大江、大河主要支流两岸50米以内的森林；在此范围内有山脊的，以第一层山脊为界。

(2) Forests within 150 meters on both banks of large rivers and major tributaries, and within 50 meters on both banks of main tributaries of large rivers; if there is a ridge line within this range, the first ridge line shall be the boundary.

(三)铁路两侧各100米、公路干线两侧各50米以内的森林；在此范围内有山脊的，以第一层山脊为界。

(3) Forests within 100 meters on both sides of railways and within 50 meters on both sides of main highways; if there is a ridge line within this range, the first ridge line shall be the boundary.

(四)高山森林分布上限以下150米至200米以内的森林。

(4) Forests within 150 to 200 meters below the upper limit of alpine forest distribution.

(五)生长在坡陡和岩石裸露地方的森林。

(5) Forests growing on steep slopes and exposed rocks.

防护林和特种用途林中的国防林、母树林、环境保护林、风景林的更新采伐技术规程，由林业部会同有关部门制定。

The technical regulations for regeneration cutting of protection forests and special-purpose forests, including national defense forests, seed production forests, environmental protection forests, and scenic forests, shall be formulated by the Ministry of Forestry jointly with relevant departments.

薪炭林、经济林的采伐技术规程，由省、自治区、直辖市林业主管部门制定。

The technical regulations for cutting of fuelwood forests and economic forests shall be formulated by the forestry competent department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government.

幼龄林、中龄林的抚育采伐，包括透光抚育、生长抚育、综合抚育；低产林的改造，包括局部改造和全面改造，其具体办法按照林业部发布的有关技术规程执行。

Tending cutting of young and middle-aged forests includes release cutting, growth cutting, and comprehensive cutting; transformation of low-yield forests includes partial transformation and comprehensive transformation. The specific methods shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant technical regulations issued by the Ministry of Forestry.

国营林业局和国营、集体林场的采伐作业，应当遵守下列规定：

State-owned forestry bureaus and state-owned and collective forest farms shall comply with the following provisions in their harvesting operations:

(一)按林木采伐许可证和伐区设计进行采伐，不得越界采伐或者遗弃应当采伐的林木。

(1) Harvesting shall be carried out in accordance with the timber cutting permit and the cutting area design; no boundary-crossing cutting or abandonment of trees that should be cut is allowed.

(二)择伐和渐伐作业实行采伐木挂号，先伐除病腐木、风折木、枯立木以及影响目的树种生长和无生长前途的树木，保留生长健壮、经济价值高的树木。

(2) In selective cutting and shelterwood cutting operations, trees to be cut shall be marked in advance; diseased, wind-broken, dead standing trees, as well as trees that hinder the growth of target species or have no growth potential, shall be removed first, while healthy and economically valuable trees shall be retained.

(三)控制树倒方向，固定集材道，保护幼苗、幼树、母树和其他保留树木。依靠天然更新的，伐后林地上幼苗、幼树株数保存率应当达到60%以上。

(3) The direction of tree fall shall be controlled, skidding trails shall be fixed, and seedlings, saplings, mother trees, and other retained trees shall be protected. Where natural regeneration is relied upon, the preservation rate of seedlings and saplings on the harvested area after cutting shall reach at least 60%.

(四)采伐的木材长度2米以上，小头直径不小于8厘米的，全部运出利用；伐根高度不得超过10厘米。

(4) All timber with a length of 2 meters or more and a small-end diameter of not less than 8 centimeters shall be transported out and utilized; the stump height shall not exceed 10 centimeters.

(五)伐区内的采伐剩余物和藤条、灌木，在不影响森林更新的原则下，采取保留、利用、火烧、堆集或者截短散铺方法清理。

(5) Harvesting residues, vines, and shrubs within the cutting area shall be disposed of by retention, utilization, burning, piling, or cutting short and spreading, provided that forest regeneration is not affected.

(六)对容易引起水土冲刷的集材主道，应当采取防护措施。

(6) Protective measures shall be taken for main skidding trails that are prone to soil erosion.

其他单位和个人的采伐作业，参照上述规定执行。

Other entities and individuals shall refer to the above provisions when conducting harvesting operations.

森林采伐后，核发林木采伐许可证的部门应当对采伐作业质量组织检查验收，签发采伐作业质量验收证明。验收证明格式由省、自治区、直辖市林业主管部门制定。

After forest harvesting, the department that issued the timber cutting permit shall organize inspection and acceptance of the harvesting operation quality and issue a harvesting operation quality acceptance certificate. The format of the acceptance certificate shall be formulated by the competent forestry department of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government.

采伐林木的单位和个人，应当按照优先发展人工更新，人工更新、人工促进天然更新、天然更新相结合的原则，在采伐后的当年或者次年内必须完成更新造林任务。

Entities and individuals that harvest trees shall complete the task of regeneration and afforestation within the same year or the following year after harvesting, following the principle of prioritizing artificial regeneration and combining artificial regeneration, artificially promoted natural regeneration, and natural regeneration.

更新质量必须达到以下标准：

The quality of regeneration must meet the following standards:

(一)人工更新，当年成活率应当不低于85%，3年后保存率应当不低于80%。

(1) For artificial regeneration, the survival rate in the current year shall not be less than 85%, and the preservation rate after three years shall not be less than 80%.

(二)人工促进天然更新，补植、补播后的成活率和保存率达到人工更新的标准；天然下种前整地的，达到本条第三项规定的天然更新标准。

(2) For artificially promoted natural regeneration, the survival rate and preservation rate after replanting and reseeding shall meet the standards for artificial regeneration; where soil preparation is carried out before natural seeding, the natural regeneration standards specified in item (3) of this article shall be met.

(三)天然更新，每公顷皆伐迹地应当保留健壮目的树种幼树不少于3000株或者幼苗不少于6000株，更新均匀度应当不低于60%。择伐、渐伐迹地的更新质量，达到本办法第八条第二款、第四款规定的标准。

(3) For natural regeneration, each hectare of clear-cut area shall retain no less than 3,000 healthy target species saplings or no less than 6,000 seedlings, and the regeneration uniformity shall not be less than 60%. The regeneration quality of selective cutting and shelterwood cutting areas shall meet the standards specified in Article 8, paragraphs 2 and 4 of these Measures.

未更新的旧采伐迹地、火烧迹地、林中空地、水湿地等宜林荒山荒地，应当由森林经营单位制定规划，限期完成更新造林。

For unrenewed old cutting areas, burned areas, forest gaps, waterlogged lands, and other barren hills and wastelands suitable for afforestation, the forest management entity shall formulate a plan and complete regeneration and afforestation within a specified time limit.

人工更新和造林应当执行林业部发布的有关造林规程，做到适地适树、细致整地、良种壮苗、密度合理、精心栽植、适时抚育。在立地条件好的地方，应当培育速生丰产林。

Artificial regeneration and afforestation shall follow the relevant afforestation regulations issued by the Ministry of Forestry, ensuring that tree species are suitable for the site, soil preparation is meticulous, improved seeds and strong seedlings are used, density is reasonable, planting is careful, and tending is timely. On sites with good conditions, fast-growing and high-yield forests shall be cultivated.

森林更新后，核发林木采伐许可证的部门应当组织更新单位对更新面积和质量进行检查验收，核发更新验收合格证。

After forest regeneration, the department that issued the timber cutting permit shall organize the regeneration entity to inspect and accept the regeneration area and quality, and issue a regeneration acceptance certificate.

有下列行为之一的，依照森林法第三十九条和森林法实施条例的有关规定处罚：

Any of the following acts shall be penalized in accordance with Article 39 of the Forest Law and the relevant provisions of the Implementing Regulations of the Forest Law:

(一)国营企业事业单位和集体所有制单位未取得林木采伐许可证，擅自采伐林木的，或者年木材产量超过采伐许可证规定数量5%的；

(1) State-owned enterprises, institutions, and collective-owned units that cut trees without obtaining a timber cutting permit, or whose annual timber output exceeds the quantity specified in the cutting permit by more than 5%;

(二)国营企业事业单位不按批准的采伐设计文件进行采伐作业的面积占批准的作业面积5%以上的；

(2) State-owned enterprises and institutions that conduct harvesting operations not in accordance with the approved cutting design documents, where the area of non-compliant operations accounts for more than 5% of the approved operation area;

集体所有制单位按照林木采伐许可证的规定进行采伐时，不符合采伐质量要求的作业面积占批准的作业面积5%以上的；

Collective-owned units that, when harvesting in accordance with the timber cutting permit, have an area of operations that fails to meet the harvesting quality requirements accounting for more than 5% of the approved operation area;

(三)个人未取得林木采伐许可证，擅自采伐林木的，或者违反林木采伐许可证规定的采伐数量、地点、方式、树种，采伐的林木超过半立方米的。

(3) Individuals who cut trees without obtaining a timber cutting permit, or who violate the cutting quantity, location, method, or tree species specified in the timber cutting permit, where the volume of trees cut exceeds 0.5 cubic meters.

盗伐、滥伐林木数量较大，不便计算补种株数的，可按盗伐、滥伐木材数量折算面积，并根据森林法第三十九条规定的处罚原则，责令限期营造相应面积的新林。

Where the quantity of illegally felled or excessively felled trees is large and it is inconvenient to calculate the number of trees to be replanted, the area may be converted based on the volume of illegally felled or excessively felled timber, and in accordance with the penalty principles of Article 39 of the Forest Law, the offender shall be ordered to plant a new forest of corresponding area within a specified time limit.

无证采伐或者超过林木采伐许可证规定数量的木材，应当从下年度木材生产计划或者采伐指标中扣除。

Timber harvested without a permit or in excess of the quantity specified in the forest tree cutting permit shall be deducted from the next year's timber production plan or cutting quota.

国营企业事业单位和集体所有制单位有下列行为之一，自检查之日起1个月内未纠正的，发放林木采伐许可证的部门有权收缴林木采伐许可证，中止其采伐，直到纠正为止：

If a state-owned enterprise or institution or a collectively-owned unit commits any of the following acts and fails to rectify within one month from the date of inspection, the department that issued the forest tree cutting permit has the authority to confiscate the permit and suspend its cutting until rectification is completed:

(一)未按规定清理伐区的；

(1) Failing to clear the cutting area as required;

(二)在采伐迹地上遗弃木材，每公顷超过半立方米的；

(2) Abandoning timber on the cutting site in excess of 0.5 cubic meters per hectare;

(三)对容易引起水土冲刷的集材主道，未采取防护措施的。

(3) Failing to take protective measures on main skidding roads that are prone to soil erosion.

采伐林木的单位和个人违反本办法第十四条、第十五条规定的，依照森林法第四十五条和森林法实施条例的有关规定处理。

If any unit or individual that harvests timber violates the provisions of Articles 14 and 15 of these Measures, the matter shall be handled in accordance with Article 45 of the Forest Law and the relevant provisions of the Implementing Regulations of the Forest Law.

采伐林木的单位违反本办法有关规定的，对其主要负责人和直接责任人员，由所在单位或者上级主管机关给予行政处分。

If a unit that harvests timber violates the relevant provisions of these Measures, the principal responsible person and the directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions by the unit or the competent authority at a higher level.

对国营企业事业单位所处罚款，从其自有资金或预算包干结余经费中开支。

Fines imposed on state-owned enterprises and institutions shall be paid from their own funds or from the surplus of the budget contract.

本办法由林业部负责解释。

These Measures shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Forestry.

本办法自发布之日起施行。

These Measures shall come into force on the date of promulgation.