Basic Rules of Flight of the People's Republic of China

（2000年7月24日中华人民共和国国务院、中华人民共和国中央军事委员会令第288号公布　根据2001年7月27日《国务院、中央军委关于修改〈中华人民共和国飞行基本规则〉的决定》第一次修订　根据2007年10月18日《国务院、中央军委关于修改〈中华人民共和国飞行基本规则〉的决定》第二次修订）

(Promulgated by Decree No. 288 of the State Council of the People's Republic of China and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China on July 24, 2000; first revision in accordance with the Decision of the State Council and the Central Military Commission on Amending the Basic Rules of Flight of the People's Republic of China on July 27, 2001; second revision in accordance with the Decision of the State Council and the Central Military Commission on Amending the Basic Rules of Flight of the People's Republic of China on October 18, 2007)

为了维护国家领空主权，规范中华人民共和国境内的飞行活动，保障飞行活动安全有秩序地进行，制定本规则。 　　第二条　凡辖有航空器的单位、个人和与飞行有关的人员及其飞行活动，必须遵守本规则。 　　第三条　国家对境内所有飞行实行统一的飞行管制。 　　第四条　国务院、中央军事委员会空中交通管制委员会领导全国的飞行管制工作。 　　第五条　航空单位的负责人对本单位遵守本规则负责。机长对本空勤组成员遵守本规则负责。 　　第六条　各航空单位在组织与实施飞行中，应当协调配合，通报有关情况。 　　第七条　组织与实施飞行，应当按照飞行预先准备、飞行直接准备、飞行实施和飞行讲评等阶段进行。飞行阶段的具体内容和要求，由各航空管理部门自行规定。 　　第八条　与飞行有关的所有单位、人员负有保证飞行安全的责任，必须遵守有关规章制度，积极采取预防事故的措施，保证飞行安全。 　　经过批准的飞行，有关的机场和部门应当认真做好组织指挥和勤务保障工作。 　　第九条　飞行人员在飞行中，必须服从指挥，严格遵守纪律和操作规程，正确处置空中情况。遇到特殊情况，民用航空器的机长，为保证民用航空器及其所载人员的安全，有权对民用航空器作出处置；非民用航空器的机长（或者单座航空器飞行员，下同）在不能请示时，对于航空器的处置有最后决定权。 　　第十条　各航空管理部门制定与飞行有关的规范，应当符合本规则的规定。

These Rules are formulated to safeguard the sovereignty of national airspace, regulate flight activities within the territory of the People's Republic of China, and ensure that flight activities are conducted safely and in an orderly manner. Article 2 All units and individuals that operate aircraft and persons involved in flight activities and their flight activities must comply with these Rules. Article 3 The State implements unified flight control over all flights within its territory. Article 4 The Air Traffic Control Commission of the State Council and the Central Military Commission leads the national flight control work. Article 5 The person in charge of an aviation unit is responsible for ensuring that the unit complies with these Rules. The captain is responsible for ensuring that the crew members comply with these Rules. Article 6 When organizing and conducting flights, all aviation units shall coordinate and cooperate, and report relevant information. Article 7 The organization and conduct of flights shall be carried out in stages including flight pre-planning, flight direct preparation, flight execution, and flight debriefing. The specific content and requirements of each stage shall be prescribed by the respective aviation management departments. Article 8 All units and persons involved in flight activities bear the responsibility for ensuring flight safety and must comply with relevant rules and regulations, actively take measures to prevent accidents, and ensure flight safety. For approved flights, the relevant airports and departments shall diligently perform organizational command and service support duties. Article 9 During flight, flight personnel must obey commands, strictly observe discipline and operating procedures, and correctly handle in-flight situations. In special circumstances, the captain of a civil aircraft has the authority to take actions regarding the civil aircraft to ensure the safety of the civil aircraft and its occupants; the captain of a non-civil aircraft (or the pilot of a single-seat aircraft, hereinafter the same) has the final decision on the handling of the aircraft when unable to seek instructions. Article 10 Any regulations related to flight formulated by aviation management departments shall comply with the provisions of these Rules.

空域管理应当维护国家安全，兼顾民用、军用航空的需要和公众利益，统一规划，合理、充分、有效地利用空域。 　　第十二条　空域的划设应当考虑国家安全、飞行需要、飞行管制能力和通信、导航、雷达设施建设以及机场分布、环境保护等因素。 　　空域通常划分为机场飞行空域、航路、航线、空中禁区、空中限制区和空中危险区等。空域管理和飞行任务需要的，可以划设空中走廊、空中放油区和临时飞行空域。 　　第十三条　空域的划设、调整，应当按照国家有关规定履行审批、备案手续。 　　第十四条　机场飞行空域应当划设在航路和空中走廊以外。仪表（云中）飞行空域的边界距离航路、空中走廊以及其他空域的边界，均不得小于10公里。 　　机场飞行空域通常包括驾驶术（特技、编队、仪表）飞行空域、科研试飞飞行空域、射击飞行空域、低空飞行空域、超低空飞行空域、海上飞行空域、夜间飞行空域和等待空域等。 　　等待空域通常划设在导航台上空；飞行活动频繁的机场，可以在机场附近上空划设。等待空域的最低高度层，距离地面最高障碍物的真实高度不得小于600米。8400米以下，每隔300米为一个等待高度层；8400米至8900米隔500米为一个等待高度层；8900米至12500米，每隔300米为一个等待高度层；12500米以上，每隔600米为一个等待高度层。 　　机场飞行空域的划设，由驻机场航空单位提出方案，报所在地区的中国人民解放军军级航空单位或者军区空军批准。 　　相邻机场之间飞行空域可以相互调整使用。 　　第十五条　航路分为国际航路和国内航路。 　　航路的宽度为20公里，其中心线两侧各10公里；航路的某一段受到条件限制的，可以减少宽度，但不得小于8公里。航路还应当确定上限和下限。 　　第十六条　航线分为固定航线和临时航线。 　　临时航线通常不得与航路、固定航线交叉或者通过飞行频繁的机场上空。 　　第十七条　国家重要的政治、经济、军事目标上空，可以划设空中禁区、临时空中禁区。 　　未按照国家有关规定经特别批准，任何航空器不得飞入空中禁区和临时空中禁区。 　　第十八条　位于航路、航线附近的军事要地、兵器试验场上空和航空兵部队、飞行院校等航空单位的机场飞行空域，可以划设空中限制区。根据需要还可以在其他地区上空划设临时空中限制区。 　　在规定时限内，未经飞行管制部门许可的航空器，不得飞入空中限制区或者临时空中限制区。 　　第十九条　位于机场、航路、航线附近的对空射击场或者发射场等，根据其射向、射高、范围，可以在上空划设空中危险区或者临时空中危险区。 　　在规定时限内，禁止无关航空器飞入空中危险区或者临时空中危险区。 　　第二十条　空中禁区、空中限制区、空中危险区的划设、变更或者撤消，应当根据需要公布。 　　第二十一条　空中走廊通常划设在机场密集的大、中城市附近地区上空。 　　空中走廊的划设应当明确走向、宽度和飞行高度，并兼顾航空器进离场的便利。 　　空中走廊的宽度通常为10公里，其中心线两侧各5公里。受条件限制的，其宽度不得小于8公里。 　　第二十二条　空中放油区的划设，按照国家有关规定执行。 　　第二十三条　临时飞行空域的划设，由申请使用空域的航空单位提出方案，经有关飞行管制部门划定，并通报有关单位。 　　国（边）境线至我方一侧10公里之间地带上空禁止划设临时飞行空域。通用航空飞行特殊需要时，经所在地大军区批准后由有关飞行管制部门划设。 　　第二十四条　在机场区域内必须严格执行国家有关保护机场净空的规定，禁止在机场附近修建影响飞行安全的射击靶场、建筑物、构筑物、架空线路等障碍物体。 　　在机场及其按照国家规定划定的净空保护区域以外，对可能影响飞行安全的高大建筑物或者设施，应当按照国家有关规定设置飞行障碍灯和标志，并使其保持正常状态。 　　第二十五条　在距离航路边界30公里以内的地带，禁止修建影响飞行安全的射击靶场和其他设施。 　　在前款规定地带以外修建固定或者临时靶场，应当按照国家有关规定获得批准。靶场射击或者发射的方向、航空器进入目标的方向不得与航路交叉。 　　第二十六条　修建各种固定对空射击场或者炮兵射击靶场，必须报国务院、中央军事委员会批准。设立临时性靶场和射击点，经有关飞行管制部门同意后，由设立单位报所在省、自治区、直辖市人民政府和大军区审查批准。 　　固定或者临时性的对空射击场、发射场、炮兵射击靶场、射击点的管理单位，应当负责与所在地区飞行管制部门建立有效的通信联络，并制定协同通报制度；在射击或者发射时，应当进行对空观察，确保飞行安全。 　　第二十七条　升放无人驾驶航空自由气球或者可能影响飞行安全的系留气球，须经有关飞行管制部门批准。具体管理办法由国务院、中央军事委员会空中交通管制委员会会同国务院民用航空主管部门、中国人民解放军空军拟定，报国务院、中央军事委员会批准实施。

Airspace management shall safeguard national security, take into account the needs of civil and military aviation and the public interest, and plan uniformly to utilize airspace rationally, fully, and effectively. Article 12 The delineation of airspace shall consider factors such as national security, flight needs, flight control capability, communication, navigation, and radar facility construction, airport distribution, and environmental protection. Airspace is generally divided into airport flight airspace, air routes, air lines, prohibited areas, restricted areas, and danger areas. When required by airspace management and flight missions, air corridors, air refueling areas, and temporary flight airspace may be delineated. Article 13 The delineation and adjustment of airspace shall undergo approval and filing procedures in accordance with relevant state regulations. Article 14 Airport flight airspace shall be delineated outside air routes and air corridors. The boundary of instrument (cloud) flight airspace shall be no less than 10 kilometers from the boundaries of air routes, air corridors, and other airspace. Airport flight airspace generally includes flight airspace for piloting techniques (aerobatics, formation, instrument), scientific research test flights, shooting flights, low-altitude flights, ultra-low-altitude flights, over-sea flights, night flights, and holding airspace. Holding airspace is usually delineated above navigation stations; for airports with frequent flight activities, it may be delineated near the airport. The minimum altitude layer of holding airspace shall have a true altitude of no less than 600 meters above the highest ground obstacle. Below 8,400 meters, every 300 meters is a holding altitude layer; from 8,400 meters to 8,900 meters, every 500 meters is a holding altitude layer; from 8,900 meters to 12,500 meters, every 300 meters is a holding altitude layer; above 12,500 meters, every 600 meters is a holding altitude layer. The delineation of airport flight airspace shall be proposed by the aviation unit stationed at the airport and approved by the military aviation unit at the corps level or the air force of the military region in the area. Flight airspace between adjacent airports may be adjusted and used mutually. Article 15 Air routes are divided into international air routes and domestic air routes. The width of an air route is 20 kilometers, with 10 kilometers on each side of its centerline; if a section of the air route is restricted by conditions, the width may be reduced but shall not be less than 8 kilometers. The upper and lower limits of the air route shall also be determined. Article 16 Air lines are divided into fixed air lines and temporary air lines. Temporary air lines shall generally not cross air routes or fixed air lines or pass over airports with frequent flight activities. Article 17 Prohibited areas and temporary prohibited areas may be delineated over important national political, economic, or military targets. No aircraft may enter prohibited areas or temporary prohibited areas without special approval in accordance with relevant state regulations. Article 18 Restricted areas may be delineated over military important places, weapon test ranges, and airport flight airspace of aviation units such as air force units and flight academies located near air routes or air lines. Temporary restricted areas may also be delineated over other areas as needed. Within the specified time limit, aircraft without permission from the flight control department may not enter restricted areas or temporary restricted areas. Article 19 Danger areas or temporary danger areas may be delineated over anti-aircraft shooting ranges or launch sites near airports, air routes, or air lines, based on their firing direction, altitude, and range. Within the specified time limit, unrelated aircraft are prohibited from entering danger areas or temporary danger areas. Article 20 The delineation, modification, or cancellation of prohibited areas, restricted areas, and danger areas shall be published as needed. Article 21 Air corridors are usually delineated over the airspace near large and medium-sized cities with dense airports. The delineation of air corridors shall specify the direction, width, and flight altitude, and take into account the convenience of aircraft approach and departure. The width of an air corridor is usually 10 kilometers, with 5 kilometers on each side of its centerline. If restricted by conditions, the width shall not be less than 8 kilometers. Article 22 The delineation of air refueling areas shall be carried out in accordance with relevant state regulations. Article 23 The delineation of temporary flight airspace shall be proposed by the aviation unit applying for the use of airspace, delineated by the relevant flight control department, and notified to relevant units. The establishment of temporary flight airspace is prohibited over the zone between the national (border) line and 10 kilometers on our side. When special needs arise for general aviation flights, it may be delineated by the relevant flight control department after approval by the military region in the area. Article 24 Within airport areas, the state regulations on protecting airport obstacle limitation surfaces must be strictly implemented. The construction of obstacle objects such as shooting ranges, buildings, structures, and overhead lines that affect flight safety near airports is prohibited. Outside the airport and its obstacle limitation protection areas delineated according to state regulations, tall buildings or facilities that may affect flight safety shall be equipped with flight obstacle lights and markings in accordance with state regulations, and kept in normal condition. Article 25 Within a zone of 30 kilometers from the boundary of an air route, the construction of shooting ranges and other facilities that affect flight safety is prohibited. The construction of fixed or temporary shooting ranges outside the zone specified in the preceding paragraph shall be approved in accordance with relevant state regulations. The direction of shooting or launching of the shooting range and the direction of aircraft entering the target shall not cross the air route. Article 26 The construction of various fixed anti-aircraft shooting ranges or artillery shooting ranges must be approved by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. The establishment of temporary shooting ranges and firing points shall, after obtaining consent from the relevant flight control department, be reviewed and approved by the people's government of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government and the military region in the area. The management units of fixed or temporary anti-aircraft shooting ranges, launch sites, artillery shooting ranges, and firing points shall be responsible for establishing effective communication with the flight control department in the area and formulating coordination and notification systems; during shooting or launching, they shall conduct air observation to ensure flight safety. Article 27 The release of unmanned free balloons or tethered balloons that may affect flight safety requires approval from the relevant flight control department. Specific management measures shall be formulated by the Air Traffic Control Commission of the State Council and the Central Military Commission jointly with the civil aviation authority of the State Council and the Air Force of the People's Liberation Army, and submitted to the State Council and the Central Military Commission for approval before implementation.

中华人民共和国境内的飞行管制，由中国人民解放军空军统一组织实施，各有关飞行管制部门按照各自的职责分工提供空中交通管制服务。 　　第二十九条　飞行管制的基本任务是： 　　（一）监督航空器严格按照批准的计划飞行，维护飞行秩序，禁止未经批准的航空器擅自飞行； 　　（二）禁止未经批准的航空器飞入空中禁区、临时空中禁区或者飞出、飞入国（边）境； 　　（三）防止航空器与航空器、航空器与地面障碍物相撞； 　　（四）防止地面对空兵器或者对空装置误射航空器。 　　第三十条　在中华人民共和国境内，按照飞行管制责任划分为：飞行管制区、飞行管制分区、机场飞行管制区。 　　航路、航线地带和民用机场区域设置高空管制区、中低空管制区、终端（进近）管制区、机场塔台管制区。 　　在中华人民共和国境内、毗连区、专属经济区及其毗连的公海的上空划分若干飞行情报区。 　　第三十一条　各类管制区的划设，应当按照国家有关规定审批。 　　第三十二条　各类管制区的飞行管制，由有关飞行管制部门按照职责分工实施。 　　第三十三条　中华人民共和国境内特定地区以及执行特殊任务的飞行，应当执行特种飞行管制规定。 　　第三十四条　担负飞行管制任务的航空管理部门及航空单位，应当按照各自的职责权限，根据本规则制定飞行管制的具体实施办法。 　　相关飞行管制部门之间，应当制定协同制度。 　　第三十五条　所有飞行必须预先提出申请，经批准后方可实施。 　　获准飞出或者飞入中华人民共和国领空的航空器，实施飞出或者飞入中华人民共和国领空的飞行和各飞行管制区间的飞行，必须经中国人民解放军空军批准；飞行管制区内飞行管制分区间的飞行，经负责该管制区飞行管制的部门批准；飞行管制分区内的飞行，经负责该分区飞行管制的部门批准。 　　民用航空的班期飞行，按照规定的航路、航线和班期时刻表进行；民用航空的不定期运输飞行，由国务院民用航空主管部门批准，报中国人民解放军空军备案；涉及其他航空管理部门的，还应当报其他航空管理部门备案。 　　第三十六条　战斗飞行按照战斗命令执行，飞机起飞前或者起飞后必须及时通报飞行管制部门。 　　第三十七条　对未经批准而起飞或者升空的航空器，有关单位必须迅速查明情况，采取必要措施，直至强迫其降落。 　　第三十八条　转场航空器的起飞，机场区域内、外飞行的开始和结束，均应当遵守预定的时间；需要提前或者推迟起飞时间的，应当经上一级飞行管制部门的许可。 　　转场航空器超过预定起飞时间一小时仍未起飞，又未申请延期的，其原飞行申请失效。 　　第三十九条　组织与实施通用航空飞行活动，必须按照有关规定履行报批手续，并向当地飞行管制部门提出飞行申请。飞行申请的内容包括：任务性质、航空器型别、飞行范围、起止时间、飞行高度和飞行条件等。各航空单位应当按照批准的飞行计划组织实施。 　　第四十条　航空器飞入相邻管制区前，飞行管制部门之间应当进行管制移交。管制移交应当按照程序管制或者雷达管制的有关规定实施。 　　第四十一条　在中华人民共和国领空飞行的航空器，必须标明明显的识别标志，禁止无识别标志的航空器飞行。 　　无识别标志的航空器因特殊情况需要飞行的，必须经中国人民解放军空军批准。 　　航空器的识别标志，必须按照国家有关规定获得批准。 　　第四十二条　空中交通管制员、飞行指挥员（含飞行管制员，下同）应当按照国家有关规定，经过专门培训、考核，取得执照、证书后，方可上岗工作。

Flight control within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall be uniformly organized and implemented by the Air Force of the People's Liberation Army, and relevant flight control departments shall provide air traffic control services according to their respective responsibilities. Article 29 The basic tasks of flight control are: (1) Supervise aircraft to fly strictly in accordance with approved plans, maintain flight order, and prohibit unauthorized aircraft from flying without approval; (2) Prohibit unauthorized aircraft from entering prohibited areas or temporary prohibited areas, or flying out of or into the national (border) boundaries; (3) Prevent collisions between aircraft and between aircraft and ground obstacles; (4) Prevent ground-to-air weapons or devices from mistakenly firing at aircraft. Article 30 Within the territory of the People's Republic of China, flight control is divided into: flight control areas, flight control sub-areas, and airport flight control areas. High-altitude control areas, medium and low-altitude control areas, terminal (approach) control areas, and airport tower control areas are established in air route and air line zones and civil airport areas. Several flight information regions are divided over the territory of the People's Republic of China, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and the adjacent high seas. Article 31 The delineation of various control areas shall be approved in accordance with relevant state regulations. Article 32 Flight control in various control areas shall be implemented by relevant flight control departments according to their respective responsibilities. Article 33 Flights in specific areas within the territory of the People's Republic of China and flights performing special missions shall comply with special flight control regulations. Article 34 Aviation management departments and aviation units responsible for flight control tasks shall, according to their respective responsibilities and authorities, formulate specific implementation measures for flight control based on these Rules. Coordination systems shall be established between relevant flight control departments. Article 35 All flights must be applied for in advance and may only be conducted after approval. Aircraft approved to fly out of or into the territorial airspace of the People's Republic of China, and flights between flight control areas, must be approved by the Air Force of the People's Liberation Army; flights between flight control sub-areas within a flight control area must be approved by the department responsible for flight control in that area; flights within a flight control sub-area must be approved by the department responsible for flight control in that sub-area. Scheduled civil aviation flights shall be conducted according to the prescribed air routes, air lines, and schedules; non-scheduled civil aviation transport flights shall be approved by the civil aviation authority of the State Council and filed with the Air Force of the People's Liberation Army; if other aviation management departments are involved, they shall also be filed with those departments. Article 36 Combat flights shall be executed according to combat orders, and the flight control department must be promptly notified before or after the aircraft takes off. Article 37 For aircraft that take off or ascend without approval, the relevant units must quickly investigate the situation and take necessary measures, up to forcing them to land. Article 38 The takeoff of aircraft for cross-field flights, and the start and end of flights inside and outside airport areas, shall comply with the scheduled time; if the takeoff time needs to be advanced or delayed, permission from the higher-level flight control department must be obtained. If an aircraft for a cross-field flight has not taken off one hour after the scheduled takeoff time and has not applied for an extension, the original flight application becomes invalid. Article 39 The organization and conduct of general aviation flight activities must go through approval procedures in accordance with relevant regulations and submit a flight application to the local flight control department. The content of the flight application includes: nature of the mission, type of aircraft, flight range, start and end times, flight altitude, and flight conditions. Each aviation unit shall organize and conduct flights according to the approved flight plan. Article 40 Before an aircraft enters an adjacent control area, control transfer shall be carried out between flight control departments. Control transfer shall be implemented in accordance with relevant regulations on procedural control or radar control. Article 41 Aircraft flying in the territorial airspace of the People's Republic of China must bear clear identification marks. Aircraft without identification marks are prohibited from flying. If an aircraft without identification marks needs to fly due to special circumstances, it must be approved by the Air Force of the People's Liberation Army. The identification marks of aircraft must be approved in accordance with relevant state regulations. Article 42 Air traffic controllers and flight commanders (including flight controllers, hereinafter the same) must undergo specialized training and assessment in accordance with relevant state regulations, and obtain licenses and certificates before they can work.

机场区域是指机场和为该机场划定的一定范围的设置各种飞行空域的空间。 　　机场区域应当根据机场周围的地形，使用该机场的航空器的型别和任务性质，邻近机场的位置和跑道方向，机场附近的国（边）境、空中禁区、对空射击场或者发射场、航路和空中走廊的位置，以及公众利益和安全保障等因素划定。 　　相邻机场距离过近的，可以合划一个机场区域。 　　机场区域的界线通常与机场飞行（塔台）管制区的界线相同。 　　第四十四条　机场区域内飞行，应当遵守机场使用细则。 　　机场使用细则的制定、审批和备案，按照国家有关规定执行。 　　第四十五条　飞行人员飞行时，必须按照规定携带必备的资料、文书和证件。 　　第四十六条　飞行准备以及保障飞行的准备工作，必须在飞行开始前完成。在各项准备和天气情况符合飞行要求时，飞行方可开始。 　　接受转场飞行航空器降落的机场，必须在航空器到达机场30分钟以前，做好保障降落的各项准备工作。 　　第四十七条　昼间飞行，在航空器起飞、降落前，水平能见度小于2公里的，应当打开机场全部障碍标志灯；水平能见度小于1公里的，起飞时还应当打开跑道灯，着陆时还应当打开航空器着陆方向（着陆的反航向）上保障飞行的全部灯光。 　　第四十八条　飞行人员自起飞前开车起到着陆后关车止，必须同空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员保持无线电通信联络，并且严格遵守通信纪律。 　　未配备无线电通信设备或者通信设备发生故障的航空器，按照本规则附件一的规定进行联络。 　　第四十九条　飞行员开车滑行，必须经空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员许可。滑行或者牵引时，应当遵守下列规定： 　　（一）按照规定的或者空中交通管制员、飞行指挥员指定的路线滑行或者牵引。 　　（二）滑行速度应当按照相应航空器的飞行手册或者飞行员驾驶守则执行；在障碍物附近滑行，速度不得超过每小时15公里。 　　（三）航空器对头相遇，应当各自靠右侧滑行，并且保持必要的安全间隔；航空器交叉相遇，飞行员从座舱左侧看到另一架航空器时应当停止滑行，主动避让。 　　（四）两架以上航空器跟进滑行，后航空器不得超越前航空器，后航空器与前航空器的距离，不得小于50米。 　　（五）夜间滑行或者牵引，应当打开航空器上的航行灯。 　　（六）直升机可以用1米至10米高度的飞行代替滑行。 　　水上航空器在滑行或者牵引中，与船只对头或者交叉相遇，应当按照航空器滑行或者牵引时相遇的避让方法避让。 　　第五十条　通常情况下，准备起飞的航空器，在起落航线第四转弯后无其他航空器进入着陆时，经空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员许可，方可滑进跑道；跑道上无障碍物，方准起飞。 　　航空器起飞、着陆时，后航空器应当与前航空器保持规定的安全间隔。 　　第五十一条　机场的起落航线通常为左航线；若因地形、城市等条件的限制，或者为避免同邻近机场的起落航线交叉，也可以为右航线；起落航线的飞行高度，通常为300米至500米。 　　进行起落航线飞行时，禁止超越同型航空器；各航空器之间的距离，一般应当保持在1500米以上；经空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员许可，速度大的航空器可以在第三转弯前超越速度小的航空器，超越时应当从前航空器的外侧超越，其间隔不得小于200米。除必须立即降落的航空器外，任何航空器不得从内侧超越前航空器。 　　加入起落航线飞行必须经空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员许可，并且应当顺沿航线加入，不得横向截入。 　　第五十二条　航空器起飞后在机场区域内上升或者降落前在机场区域内下降，必须按照空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员的指示进行。 　　航空器飞离机场加入航路、航线和脱离航路、航线飞向机场，应当按照该机场使用细则或者进离场程序规定的航线和高度上升或者下降。 　　第五十三条　相邻机场的穿云上升航线、穿云下降航线互有交叉，飞行发生矛盾时，由负责该地区飞行管制的部门调整。 　　第五十四条　航空器进行空域飞行时，应当按照规定的航线（航向）、高度、次序进入空域或者脱离空域，并且保持在规定的空域和高度范围内飞行。 　　除等待空域外，一个飞行空域，在同一个时间内，只允许安排一至三批航空器飞行。各批航空器飞行活动的高度范围之间，通常应当保持2000米以上的高度差。 　　第五十五条　目视飞行时，飞行人员必须加强空中观察。航空器应当与云保持一定的水平距离和垂直距离。 　　机长对目视飞行的安全负直接责任。 　　第五十六条　航空器进入着陆，应当经空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员许可；不具备着陆条件的，不得勉强着陆。 　　航空器着陆后，应当迅速脱离跑道。 　　第五十七条　飞行人员在复杂气象条件下按仪表飞行，必须同时具备下列条件： 　　（一）飞行人员掌握复杂气象飞行技术； 　　（二）航空器配备有完好的航行设备和无线电通信设备。 　　第五十八条　复杂气象条件下进入机场区域的飞行，必须经空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员许可。空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员允许航空器飞入机场区域时，应当及时向飞行员通报下列情况： 　　（一）进入的飞行高度； 　　（二）机场区域内有关的飞行情况； 　　（三）水平能见度或者跑道视程、天气现象和机场上空的云底高度，地面和穿云高度上的风向、风速，场面气压或者修正海平面气压，或者零点高度，以及地面大气温度； 　　（四）仪表进场或者穿云方法和着陆航向。 　　第五十九条　航空器在等待空域内，必须保持在规定的等待高度层并且按照空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员指示的方法飞行，未经许可，不得自行改变。 　　在等待空域内等待降落的航空器，应当按照规定的顺序降落。特殊情况下，经空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员许可，方可优先降落。 　　第六十条　航空器穿云下降必须按照该机场的仪表进近图或者穿云图进行。当下降到规定的最低高度或者决断高度仍不能以目视进行着陆时，应当立即停止下降，并且按照规定的航向上升至安全高度。 　　航空器因故不能在该机场降落的，空中交通管制员、飞行指挥员或者航空公司签派员及其代理人，应当立即通知备降机场准备接受航空器降落，同时指示航空器飞往备降机场的航向、飞行高度和通知备降机场的天气情况。在飞行人员同备降机场沟通无线电联络并且报告在备降机场着陆已有保障以前，空中交通管制员、飞行指挥员或者航空公司签派员及其代理人应当继续与该航空器保持联络。 　　第六十一条　航空器飞临降落机场时，机场的天气情况低于机长飞行的最低气象条件，且航空器无法飞往备降机场的，空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员应当采取一切措施，指挥航空器安全降落。 　　第六十二条　飞机在空中拖曳滑翔机时，拖曳飞机同滑翔机应当视为一个航空器。滑翔机飞行员应当服从拖曳飞机飞行员的指挥。 　　滑翔机在空中脱离拖曳，必须在规定的高度上进行，并且经拖曳飞机飞行员同意，但紧急情况除外。 　　第六十三条　机场区域内飞行的开始和结束的时间，其他任务飞行的航空器在该机场起飞和降落的时间，均应当及时报告上级飞行管制部门。 　　相邻机场应当互相主动通报有关的飞行情况。

An airport area refers to the airport and a certain range of space delineated for it to set up various flight airspace. The airport area shall be delineated based on factors such as the terrain around the airport, the type and mission nature of aircraft using the airport, the location and runway direction of adjacent airports, the positions of national (border) boundaries, prohibited areas, anti-aircraft shooting ranges or launch sites, air routes and air corridors near the airport, as well as public interest and safety. If adjacent airports are too close, they may be combined into one airport area. The boundary of an airport area is usually the same as that of the airport flight (tower) control area. Article 44 Flights within an airport area shall comply with the airport operatingdetailed rules. The formulation, approval, and filing of airport operatingdetailed rules shall be carried out in accordance with relevant state regulations. Article 45 When flying, flight personnel must carry the necessary materials, documents, and certificates as required. Article 46 Flight preparation and preparation work for flight support must be completed before the flight begins. The flight may only commence when all preparations and weather conditions meet flight requirements. The airport accepting the landing of a cross-field flight aircraft must complete all preparations for landing support at least 30 minutes before the aircraft arrives at the airport. Article 47 For daytime flights, if the horizontal visibility is less than 2 kilometers before takeoff or landing of an aircraft, all obstacle marking lights at the airport shall be turned on; if the horizontal visibility is less than 1 kilometer, the runway lights shall also be turned on for takeoff, and all lights supporting the flight in the direction of landing (the opposite direction of landing) shall be turned on for landing. Article 48 From engine start before takeoff to engine shutdown after landing, flight personnel must maintain radio communication with the air traffic controller or flight commander and strictly observe communication discipline. Aircraft not equipped with radio communication equipment or with faulty communication equipment shall communicate in accordance with the provisions of Appendix I of these Rules. Article 49 A pilot taxiing after engine start must obtain permission from the air traffic controller or flight commander. When taxiing or towing, the following provisions shall be observed: (1) Taxi or tow along the prescribed route or the route designated by the air traffic controller or flight commander. (2) Taxi speed shall be in accordance with the corresponding aircraft flight manual or pilot operatingmanual; when taxiing near obstacles, the speed shall not exceed 15 kilometers per hour. (3) When aircraft meet head-on, each shall taxi to the right side and maintain the necessary safe separation; when aircraft cross, if the pilot sees another aircraft from the left side of the cockpit, he shall stop taxiing and give way actively. (4) When two or more aircraft taxi in trail, the following aircraft shall not overtake the preceding aircraft, and the distance between the following aircraft and the preceding aircraft shall not be less than 50 meters. (5) When taxiing or towing at night, the aircraft's navigation lights shall be turned on. (6) Helicopters may use flight at an altitude of 1 to 10 meters instead of taxiing. When a water aircraft meets a vessel head-on or crossing during taxiing or towing, it shall give way in accordance with the avoidance methods for aircraft meeting during taxiing or towing. Article 50 Under normal circumstances, an aircraft preparing for takeoff may taxi onto the runway only after obtaining permission from the air traffic controller or flight commander when no other aircraft is landing after the fourth turn of the traffic pattern; takeoff may only commence when the runway is clear of obstacles. When an aircraft takes off or lands, the following aircraft shall maintain the prescribed safe separation from the preceding aircraft. Article 51 The traffic pattern at an airport is usually a left-hand pattern; if restricted by terrain, city conditions, or to avoid crossing with the traffic pattern of a neighboring airport, a right-hand pattern may be used; the flight altitude in the traffic pattern is usually 300 to 500 meters. When flying in the traffic pattern, overtaking aircraft of the same type is prohibited; the distance between aircraft shall generally be maintained at more than 1,500 meters; with permission from the air traffic controller or flight commander, a faster aircraft may overtake a slower aircraft before the third turn, and shall overtake from the outside of the preceding aircraft with a separation of not less than 200 meters. Except for aircraft that must land immediately, no aircraft may overtake the preceding aircraft from the inside. Joining the traffic pattern must be approved by the air traffic controller or flight commander, and shall be done by following the pattern, not by cutting across. Article 52 After takeoff, an aircraft climbing within the airport area, or before landing, an aircraft descending within the airport area, must follow the instructions of the air traffic controller or flight commander. An aircraft departing the airport to join an air route or air line, or leaving an air route or air line to fly to the airport, shall climb or descend in accordance with the routes and altitudes specified in the airport operatingdetailed rules or the approach and departure procedures. Article 53 If the instrument climb routes and instrument descent routes of adjacent airports cross each other and cause conflicts, the flight control department responsible for the area shall adjust them. Article 54 When flying in airspace, aircraft shall enter or leave the airspace according to the prescribed route (heading), altitude, and sequence, and remain within the prescribed airspace and altitude range. Except for holding airspace, only one to three batches of aircraft are allowed to fly in a single flight airspace at the same time. A height difference of usually more than 2,000 meters shall be maintained between the altitude ranges of each batch of aircraft. Article 55 During visual flight, flight personnel must strengthenair observation. Aircraft shall maintain a certain horizontal and vertical distance from clouds. The captain bears direct responsibility for the safety of visual flight. Article 56 An aircraft entering landing must obtain permission from the air traffic controller or flight commander; if landing conditions are not met, the aircraft shall not force a landing. After landing, the aircraft shall quickly vacate the runway. Article 57 Flight personnel flying under instrument meteorological conditions must simultaneously meet the following conditions: (1) The flight personnel have mastered instrument flight techniques; (2) The aircraft is equipped with serviceable navigation equipment and radio communication equipment. Article 58 Flights entering an airport area under instrument meteorological conditions must be approved by the air traffic controller or flight commander. When the air traffic controller or flight commander permits an aircraft to enter the airport area, he shall promptly inform the pilot of the following: (1) The entry flight altitude; (2) Relevant flight conditions within the airport area; (3) Horizontal visibility or runway visual range, weather phenomena, cloud base height above the airport, wind direction and speed at ground level and at instrument approach altitude, QFE or QNH, or zero altitude, and ground air temperature; (4) Instrument approach or instrument approach method and landing heading. Article 59 An aircraft in holding airspace must maintain the prescribed holding altitude layer and fly in accordance with the method instructed by the air traffic controller or flight commander, and shall not change without permission. Aircraft holding for landing in holding airspace shall land in the prescribed order. Under special circumstances, priority landing may be granted with permission from the air traffic controller or flight commander. Article 60 An aircraft conducting an instrument approach shall follow the instrument approach chart or instrument approach chart of the airport. When descending to the prescribed minimum altitude or decision altitude and still unable to land visually, the descent shall be stopped immediately, and the aircraft shall climb to a safe altitude on the prescribed heading. If an aircraft cannot land at the airport due to reasons, the air traffic controller, flight commander, or airline dispatcher and their agents shall immediately notify the alternate airport to prepare for the aircraft's landing, and at the same time instruct the aircraft on the heading and flight altitude to the alternate airport and inform it of the weather conditions at the alternate airport. Until the flight personnel establish radio contact with the alternate airport and report that landing at the alternate airport is assured, the air traffic controller, flight commander, or airline dispatcher and their agents shall continue to maintain contact with the aircraft. Article 61 When an aircraft approaches the landing airport and the weather conditions at the airport are below the captain's minimum meteorological conditions for flight, and the aircraft cannot proceed to an alternate airport, the air traffic controller or flight commander shall take all measures to direct the aircraft to land safely. Article 62 When an aircraft tows a glider in the air, the towing aircraft and the glider shall be considered as one aircraft. The glider pilot shall obey the commands of the towing aircraft pilot. The glider shall release from the tow in the air only at the prescribed altitude and with the consent of the towing aircraft pilot, except in emergencies. Article 63 The start and end times of flights within an airport area, and the takeoff and landing times of aircraft for other missions at that airport, shall be promptly reported to the higher-level flight control department. Adjacent airports shall proactively inform each other of relevant flight conditions.

航空器使用航路和航线，应当经负责该航路和航线的飞行管制部门同意。 　　第六十五条　航路和固定航线地带应当设置必要的监视和导航设备。 　　沿航路和固定航线应当有备降机场。备降机场应当有必备的设备和良好的通信、导航、气象保障。 　　军用机场作为民用航空器的固定备降机场或者民用机场作为军用航空器的固定备降机场，应当按照国家有关规定经过批准。 　　第六十六条　穿越航路和航线的飞行，应当明确穿越的地段、高度和时间，穿越时还应当保证与航路和航线飞行的航空器有规定的飞行间隔。 　　第六十七条　飞行任务书是许可飞行人员进行转场飞行和民用航空飞行的基本文件。飞行任务书由驻机场航空单位或者航空公司的负责人签发。 　　在飞行任务书中，应当明确飞行任务、起飞时间、航线、高度、允许机长飞行的最低气象条件以及其他有关事项。 　　第六十八条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行前，驻机场航空单位或者航空公司的负责人应当亲自或者指定专人对飞行人员的飞行准备情况进行检查。飞行准备质量符合要求时，方可执行飞行任务。 　　第六十九条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的航空器的起飞，应当根据飞行人员和航空器的准备情况，起飞机场、降落机场和备降机场的准备情况以及天气情况等确定；有下列情况之一的，不得起飞： 　　（一）空勤组成员不齐，或者由于技术、健康等原因不适于飞行的； 　　（二）飞行人员尚未完成飞行准备、飞行准备质量不符合要求、驻机场航空单位或者航空公司的负责人未批准飞行的； 　　（三）飞行人员未携带飞行任务书、飞行气象文件及其他必备飞行文件的； 　　（四）飞行人员未校对本次飞行所需的航行、通信、导航资料和仪表进近图或者穿云图的； 　　（五）航空器或者航空器上的设备有故障可能影响飞行安全，或者民用航空器设备低于最低设备清单规定，或者军用航空器经机长确认可能影响本次飞行安全的； 　　（六）航空器表面的冰、霜、雪未除净的； 　　（七）航空器上的装载和乘载不符合规定的； 　　（八）航空器未按规定携带备用燃料的； 　　（九）天气情况低于机长飞行的最低气象条件，以及天气情况危及本次飞行安全的。 　　第七十条　飞行人员在飞行中必须遵守有关的飞行规则和飞行任务书中的各项规定，服从飞行指挥，准确实施领航，保持规定的航行诸元，注意观察空中情况，按照规定及时报告航空器位置、飞行情况和天气情况，特别是危险天气现象及其发展情况。 　　第七十一条　目视飞行时，航空器应当按照下列规定避让： 　　（一）在同一高度上对头相遇，应当各自向右避让，并保持500米以上的间隔； 　　（二）在同一高度上交叉相遇，飞行员从座舱左侧看到另一架航空器时应当下降高度，从座舱右侧看到另一架航空器时应当上升高度； 　　（三）在同一高度上超越前航空器，应当从前航空器右侧超越，并保持500米以上的间隔； 　　（四）单机应当主动避让编队或者拖曳飞机，有动力装置的航空器应当主动避让无动力装置的航空器，战斗机应当主动避让运输机。 　　第七十二条　在与航路、固定航线交叉或者靠近的临时航线飞行时，飞行人员应当加强对空中的观察，防止与航路飞行的航空器相撞。当临时航线与航路、固定航线交叉时，水平能见度大于8公里的，应当按照规定的飞行高度通过；在云中飞行或者水平能见度小于8公里的，应当按照空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员的指示通过。在靠近航路的航线上飞行时，应当与航路的边界保持规定的安全间隔。 　　第七十三条　未配备复杂气象飞行设备的航空器，机长应当按照规定的飞行最低气象条件，在安全高度以上进行目视飞行，防止飞入云中。 　　第七十四条　当天气情况不低于机长飞行的最低气象条件时，机长方可在300米以下进行目视飞行，飞行时航空器距离云层底部不得小于50米。 　　第七十五条　航空器沿航路和固定航线飞行通过中途机场100至50公里前，除有协议的外，飞行人员应当向该机场的空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员报告预计通过的时间和高度。中途机场的空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员必须指挥在本机场区域内飞行的航空器避让过往航空器，保证其安全通过；无特殊原因，不得改变过往航空器的航线和高度。 　　航空器在临时航线飞行通过中途机场时，应当按照规定的航线和高度通过，或者按照该机场空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员的指示通过。 　　第七十六条　飞行中，飞行人员与地面联络中断，可以停止执行飞行任务，返回原机场或者飞往就近的备降机场降落。当保持原高度飞向备降机场符合飞行高度层配备规定时，仍保持原高度飞行；当保持原高度飞向备降机场不符合飞行高度层配备规定时，应当下降到下一层高度飞向备降机场；因飞行安全高度所限不能下降到下一层高度的，应当上升至上一层高度飞向备降机场。 　　第七十七条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的航空器，在起飞前或者在中途机场降落后需要继续飞行的，机长或者其代理人必须到机场飞行管制部门办理飞行手续，校对有关资料，经批准后方可起飞；航空器降落后需要连续起飞的，必须事先经中途机场飞行管制部门的许可。 　　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的航空器降落后，机长或者其代理人必须到机场飞行管制部门或者航空公司报告飞行情况和航路、航线天气情况，送交飞行任务书和飞行天气报告表。 　　未经批准而降落在非预定机场的航空器，必须由驻该机场航空单位的负责人向上级报告，经批准后方可起飞。 　　第七十八条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的航空器到达预定机场后，其各项保障工作由驻该机场的有关部门按照规定或者协议负责。

Aircraft using air routes and air lines must obtain consent from the flight control department responsible for those air routes and air lines. Article 65 Necessary surveillance and navigation equipment shall be installed in air route and fixed air line zones. Alternate airports shall be available along air routes and fixed air lines. Alternate airports shall have necessary equipment and good communication, navigation, and meteorological support. The use of military airports as fixed alternate airports for civil aircraft or civil airports as fixed alternate airports for military aircraft shall be approved in accordance with relevant state regulations. Article 66 Flights crossing air routes and air lines shall specify the crossing section, altitude, and time, and shall ensure the prescribed flight separation from aircraft flying on the air route or air line. Article 67 The flight task order is the basic document authorizing flight personnel to conduct cross-field flights and civil aviation flights. The flight task order shall be issued by the person in charge of the aviation unit stationed at the airport or the airline. The flight task order shall specify the flight mission, takeoff time, air route, altitude, minimum meteorological conditions for the captain to fly, and other relevant matters. Article 68 Before a flight on an air route, air line, or cross-field flight, the person in charge of the aviation unit stationed at the airport or the airline shall personally or designate a person to check the flight preparation of the flight personnel. The flight mission may only be executed when the quality of flight preparation meets requirements. Article 69 The takeoff of an aircraft for a flight on an air route, air line, or cross-field flight shall be determined based on the preparation of the flight personnel and the aircraft, the preparation of the departure airport, landing airport, and alternate airports, and weather conditions; takeoff is not allowed under any of the following circumstances: (1) The crew is incomplete, or a crew member is unfit for flight due to technical or health reasons; (2) The flight personnel have not completed flight preparation, the quality of flight preparation does not meet requirements, or the person in charge of the aviation unit stationed at the airport or the airline has not approved the flight; (3) The flight personnel have not carried the flight task order, flight weather documents, or other necessary flight documents; (4) The flight personnel have not checked the navigation, communication, and navigation data and instrument approach charts or instrument approach charts required for this flight; (5) The aircraft or its equipment has a malfunction that may affect flight safety, or civil aircraft equipment is below the minimum equipment list requirements, or military aircraft is confirmed by the captain to possibly affect the safety of this flight; (6) Ice, frost, or snow on the aircraft surface has not been removed; (7) The loading and passenger loading on the aircraft do not comply with regulations; (8) The aircraft has not carried reserve fuel as required; (9) Weather conditions are below the captain's minimum meteorological conditions for flight, or weather conditions endanger the safety of this flight. Article 70 During flight, flight personnel must comply with relevant flight rules and the provisions of the flight task order, obey flight command, accurately implement navigation, maintain prescribed navigation parameters, pay attention to observingair conditions, and promptly report the aircraft's position, flight conditions, and weather conditions, especially dangerous weather phenomena and their development. Article 71 During visual flight, aircraft shall give way in accordance with the following provisions: (1) When meeting head-on at the same altitude, each shall give way to the right and maintain a separation of more than 500 meters; (2) When crossing at the same altitude, if the pilot sees another aircraft from the left side of the cockpit, he shall descend; if from the right side, he shall climb; (3) When overtaking a preceding aircraft at the same altitude, overtake from the right side of the preceding aircraft and maintain a separation of more than 500 meters; (4) A single aircraft shall actively give way to a formation or towing aircraft; an aircraft with power shall actively give way to an aircraft without power; a fighter shall actively give way to a transport aircraft. Article 72 When flying on a temporary air line that crosses or is close to an air route or fixed air line, flight personnel shall strengthenair observation to prevent collision with aircraft flying on the air route. When the temporary air line crosses an air route or fixed air line, if horizontal visibility is greater than 8 kilometers, the aircraft shall pass at the prescribed flight altitude; if flying in clouds or horizontal visibility is less than 8 kilometers, the aircraft shall pass in accordance with the instructions of the air traffic controller or flight commander. When flying on an air line close to an air route, the prescribed safe separation from the boundary of the air route shall be maintained. Article 73 For aircraft not equipped with instrument flight equipment, the captain shall conduct visual flight at or above the safe altitude in accordance with the prescribed minimum meteorological conditions for flight, and avoid flying into clouds. Article 74 When weather conditions are not lower than the captain's minimum meteorological conditions for flight, the captain may conduct visual flight below 300 meters, and the aircraft shall maintain a distance of no less than 50 meters from the cloud base. Article 75 When an aircraft flying along an air route or fixed air line passes 100 to 50 kilometers before an intermediate airport, unless otherwise agreed, the flight personnel shall report the estimated time and altitude of passage to the air traffic controller or flight commander of that airport. The air traffic controller or flight commander of the intermediate airport must direct aircraft flying within the airport area to give way to the passing aircraft and ensure its safe passage; without special reasons, the route and altitude of the passing aircraft shall not be changed. When an aircraft flying on a temporary air line passes an intermediate airport, it shall pass at the prescribed route and altitude, or in accordance with the instructions of the air traffic controller or flight commander of that airport. Article 76 If communication between flight personnel and the ground is interrupted during flight, the flight mission may be terminated, and the aircraft may return to the original airport or fly to the nearest alternate airport for landing. When maintaining the original altitude to fly to the alternate airport complies with the flight altitude layer allocation regulations, the original altitude shall be maintained; when maintaining the original altitude to fly to the alternate airport does not comply with the flight altitude layer allocation regulations, the aircraft shall descend to the next lower altitude layer to fly to the alternate airport; if descending to the next lower altitude layer is not possible due to flight safety altitude limitations, the aircraft shall climb to the next higher altitude layer to fly to the alternate airport. Article 77 For an aircraft on an air route, air line, or cross-field flight, before takeoff or after landing at an intermediate airport and needing to continue the flight, the captain or his agent must go through flight procedures at the airport flight control department, check relevant data, and obtain approval before takeoff; if the aircraft needs to take off again immediately after landing, prior permission from the flight control department of the intermediate airport must be obtained. After an aircraft on an air route, air line, or cross-field flight lands, the captain or his agent must report the flight conditions and weather conditions on the air route or air line to the airport flight control department or the airline, and submit the flight task order and flight weather report form. An aircraft that lands at an unintended airport without approval must be reported to higher authorities by the person in charge of the aviation unit stationed at that airport, and may only take off after approval. Article 78 After an aircraft on an air route, air line, or cross-field flight arrives at the intended airport, its various support tasks shall be handled by the relevant departments stationed at that airport in accordance with regulations or agreements.

飞行间隔是为了防止飞行冲突，保证飞行安全，提高飞行空间和时间利用率所规定的航空器之间应当保持的最小安全距离。飞行间隔包括垂直间隔和水平间隔。水平间隔分为纵向间隔和横向间隔。 　　机长必须按照规定的飞行间隔飞行，需要改变时，应当经飞行管制部门许可。 　　第八十条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的垂直间隔，按照飞行高度层配备。飞行高度层按照以下标准划分： 　　（一）真航线角在0度至179度范围内，高度由900米至8100米，每隔600米为一个高度层；高度由8900米至12500米，每隔600米为一个高度层；高度在12500米以上，每隔1200米为一个高度层。 　　（二）真航线角在180度至359度范围内，高度由600米至8400米，每隔600米为一个高度层；高度由9200米至12200米，每隔600米为一个高度层；高度在13100米以上，每隔1200米为一个高度层。 　　（三）飞行高度层应当根据标准大气压条件下假定海平面计算。真航线角应当从航线起点和转弯点量取。 　　飞行高度层的具体配备标准见本规则附件二。 　　第八十一条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的水平间隔，由中国人民解放军空军会同国务院民用航空主管部门拟定，报国务院、中央军事委员会空中交通管制委员会批准。 　　第八十二条　飞行的安全高度是避免航空器与地面障碍物相撞的最低飞行高度。 　　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的安全高度，在高原和山区应当高出航路中心线、航线两侧各25公里以内最高标高600米；在其他地区应当高出航路中心线、航线两侧各25公里以内最高标高400米。 　　受性能限制的航空器，其航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的安全高度，由有关航空管理部门另行规定。 　　第八十三条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的航空器，在航路中心线、航线两侧各25公里以内的最高标高不超过100米，大气压力不低于1000百帕（750毫米水银柱）的，允许在600米的高度层内飞行；当最高标高超过100米，大气压力低于1000百帕（750毫米水银柱）的，飞行最低的高度层必须相应提高，保证飞行的真实高度不低于安全高度。 　　第八十四条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的高度层，由批准本次飞行的负责人，通过飞行管制部门具体配备。 　　飞行高度层应当根据飞行任务的性质、航空器性能、飞行区域以及航线的地形、天气和飞行情况等配备。 　　第八十五条　在同一条航路、航线有数架（数批）航空器同时飞行并且互有影响的，应当分别将每架（每批）航空器配备在不同的高度层内；不能配备在不同高度层的，可以允许数架（数批）航空器在同一条航路、航线、同一个高度层内飞行，但是各架（各批）航空器之间应当保持规定的纵向间隔。 　　第八十六条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的航空器起飞前，应当将场面气压的数值调整到航空器上气压高度表的固定指标，使气压高度表的指针指到零的位置。 　　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的航空器起飞后，在未规定过渡高度或者过渡高的机场上升到距该机场道面600米高度时，应当将航空器上气压高度表的标准海平面气压值调整到固定指标，然后再继续上升到规定的飞行高度层；规定有过渡高度或者过渡高的机场，在上升至过渡高度或者过渡高时，应当将气压高度表调整到标准海平面气压值。 　　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的航空器，进入降落机场区域并下降至该机场过渡高度层时，或者根据空中交通管制员、飞行指挥员的指示，将机场场面气压的数值调整到航空器上气压高度表的固定指标。 　　仅供民用航空器起降的机场，可以修正海平面气压值为航空器气压高度表拨正值。 　　提供外国航空器起降的机场，可以向外国航空器提供机场修正海平面气压值。 　　军用、民用航空器在同一机场同时飞行的，必须统一航空器上气压高度表拨正时机。 　　第八十七条　在高原机场起飞前，航空器上气压高度表的气压刻度不能调整到机场场面气压数值的，应当将气压高度表的标准海平面气压值调整到固定指标（此时所指示的高度为假定零点高度），然后起飞和上升到规定的飞行高度。 　　在高原机场降落时，航空器上气压高度表的气压刻度不能调整到机场场面气压数值的，应当按照空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员通知的假定零点高度进行着陆。航空器上有两个气压高度表的，应当将其中一个气压高度表的标准海平面气压值调整到固定指标，而将另一个气压高度表以修正的海平面气压值调整到固定指标。 　　在高原、山区飞行，必须注意航空器上气压高度表与无线电高度表配合使用。 　　第八十八条　航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行时，因航空器故障、积冰、绕飞雷雨区等原因需要改变飞行高度层的，机长应当向飞行管制部门报告原因和当时航空器的准确位置，请求另行配备飞行高度层。飞行管制部门允许航空器改变飞行高度层时，必须明确改变的高度层以及改变高度层的地段和时间。 　　遇有紧急情况，飞行安全受到威胁时，机长可以决定改变原配备的飞行高度层，但必须立即报告飞行管制部门，并对该决定负责。改变高度层的方法是：从航空器飞行的方向向右转30度，并以此航向飞行20公里，再左转平行原航线上升或者下降到新的高度层，然后转回原航线。

Flight separation refers to the minimum safe distance that must be maintained between aircraft as prescribed to prevent flight conflicts, ensure flight safety, and improve the utilization of flight space and time. Flight separation includes vertical separation and horizontal separation. Horizontal separation is divided into longitudinal separation and lateral separation. The captain must fly in accordance with the prescribed flight separation. If a change is needed, permission from the flight control department must be obtained. Article 80 Vertical separation for flights on air routes, air lines, or cross-field flights shall be allocated according to flight altitude layers. Flight altitude layers are divided according to the following standards: (1) When the true track angle is between 0 and 179 degrees, from 900 meters to 8,100 meters, every 600 meters is an altitude layer; from 8,900 meters to 12,500 meters, every 600 meters is an altitude layer; above 12,500 meters, every 1,200 meters is an altitude layer. (2) When the true track angle is between 180 and 359 degrees, from 600 meters to 8,400 meters, every 600 meters is an altitude layer; from 9,200 meters to 12,200 meters, every 600 meters is an altitude layer; above 13,100 meters, every 1,200 meters is an altitude layer. (3) Flight altitude layers shall be calculated based on the assumed sea level under standard atmospheric pressure conditions. The true track angle shall be measured from the starting point and turning point of the route. The specific allocation standards for flight altitude layers are set out in Appendix II of these Rules. Article 81 Horizontal separation for flights on air routes, air lines, or cross-field flights shall be formulated by the Air Force of the People's Liberation Army jointly with the civil aviation authority of the State Council, and submitted to the Air Traffic Control Commission of the State Council and the Central Military Commission for approval. Article 82 The safe altitude for flight is the minimum flight altitude to avoid collision between the aircraft and ground obstacles. The safe altitude for flights on air routes, air lines, or cross-field flights shall be 600 meters above the highest elevation within 25 kilometers on each side of the air route centerline or air line in plateau and mountainous areas; in other areas, it shall be 400 meters above the highest elevation within 25 kilometers on each side of the air route centerline or air line. For aircraft with performance limitations, the safe altitude for flights on air routes, air lines, or cross-field flights shall be separately prescribed by the relevant aviation management department. Article 83 For aircraft on air routes, air lines, or cross-field flights, if the highest elevation within 25 kilometers on each side of the air route centerline or air line does not exceed 100 meters and the atmospheric pressure is not lower than 1,000 hPa (750 mmHg), flight is permitted at an altitude layer of 600 meters; if the highest elevation exceeds 100 meters and the atmospheric pressure is lower than 1,000 hPa (750 mmHg), the minimum flight altitude layer must be raised accordingly to ensure that the true altitude of the flight is not lower than the safe altitude. Article 84 The altitude layer for flights on air routes, air lines, or cross-field flights shall be specifically allocated by the person approving the flight through the flight control department. Flight altitude layers shall be allocated based on factors such as the nature of the flight mission, aircraft performance, flight area, and the terrain, weather, and flight conditions of the route. Article 85 When several (several batches of) aircraft are flying simultaneously on the same air route or air line and affect each other, each (each batch of) aircraft shall be allocated to a different altitude layer; if they cannot be allocated to different altitude layers, several (several batches of) aircraft may be allowed to fly on the same air route or air line at the same altitude layer, but the prescribed longitudinal separation shall be maintained between each (each batch of) aircraft. Article 86 Before takeoff of an aircraft for a flight on an air route, air line, or cross-field flight, the QFE value shall be set on the aircraft's altimeter fixed index so that the altimeter pointer points to zero. After takeoff of an aircraft for a flight on an air route, air line, or cross-field flight, when climbing to 600 meters above the airport surface at an airport without a prescribed transition altitude or transition height, the standard sea level pressure value shall be set on the aircraft's altimeter fixed index, and then the aircraft shall continue climbing to the prescribed flight altitude layer; at an airport with a prescribed transition altitude or transition height, when climbing to the transition altitude or transition height, the altimeter shall be set to the standard sea level pressure value. When an aircraft for a flight on an air route, air line, or cross-field flight enters the landing airport area and descends to the transition altitude layer of that airport, or in accordance with the instructions of the air traffic controller or flight commander, the QFE value shall be set on the aircraft's altimeter fixed index. For airports used only for civil aircraft takeoff and landing, the QNH may be used as the altimeter setting for aircraft. For airports serving foreign aircraft, the airport QNH may be provided to foreign aircraft. When military and civil aircraft fly simultaneously at the same airport, the timing of altimeter setting must be unified. Article 87 Before takeoff at a plateau airport, if the altimeter pressure scale cannot be adjusted to the QFE value, the standard sea level pressure value shall be set on the altimeter fixed index (the altitude indicated at this time is the assumed zero altitude), and then takeoff and climb to the prescribed flight altitude. When landing at a plateau airport, if the altimeter pressure scale cannot be adjusted to the QFE value, landing shall be conducted in accordance with the assumed zero altitude notified by the air traffic controller or flight commander. If the aircraft has two altimeters, one altimeter shall be set to the standard sea level pressure value on the fixed index, and the other altimeter shall be set to the corrected sea level pressure value on the fixed index. When flying in plateau and mountainous areas, attention must be paid to the coordinated use of the aircraft's altimeter and radio altimeter. Article 88 When flying on an air route, air line, or cross-field flight, if the flight altitude layer needs to be changed due to aircraft malfunction, icing, circumnavigating thunderstorm areas, or other reasons, the captain shall report the reason and the accurate position of the aircraft at that time to the flight control department and request a different flight altitude layer. When the flight control department permits the aircraft to change the flight altitude layer, it must specify the changed altitude layer and the section and time for the change. In an emergency where flight safety is threatened, the captain may decide to change the originally allocated flight altitude layer, but must immediately report to the flight control department and be responsible for that decision. The method for changing the altitude layer is: turn right 30 degrees from the aircraft's flight direction, fly on this heading for 20 kilometers, then turn left parallel to the original route to climb or descend to the new altitude layer, and then turn back to the original route.

组织实施飞行指挥应当根据本规则和有关规定进行，做到正确、及时和不间断。 　　第九十条　飞行指挥员必须切实履行职责，维护机场、空中秩序和飞行纪律，并做到： 　　（一）了解飞行任务、飞行计划、飞行人员的技术水平及健康状况、航空器性能和机载设备，以及各项保障工作情况； 　　（二）掌握飞行动态，了解天气变化，及时向飞行人员通知有关的空中情况和指挥其准确地按照计划飞行； 　　（三）当空中情况发生变化时，及时采取措施，正确处置。 　　第九十一条　飞行指挥必须按照下列调配原则安排飞行次序： 　　（一）一切飞行让战斗飞行； 　　（二）其他飞行让专机飞行和重要任务飞行； 　　（三）国内一般任务飞行让班期飞行； 　　（四）训练飞行让任务飞行； 　　（五）场内飞行让场外飞行； 　　（六）场内、场外飞行让转场飞行。 　　第九十二条　在飞行期间，所有参加飞行和保障飞行的人员，必须服从飞行指挥员的指挥。 　　第九十三条　驻在同一机场的军用航空器和民用航空器同时飞行时，必须实施统一指挥。军用航空单位派出飞行指挥员，民用航空单位派出飞行副指挥员。 　　飞行副指挥员负责向飞行指挥员报告民用航空器的航行诸元和有关飞行情况，并且按照飞行指挥员的指示，对民用航空器实施指挥。 　　第九十四条　执行不同任务的航空器或者不同型别的航空器，在同一机场同时飞行的，应当根据具体情况安排优先起飞和降落的顺序。 　　对执行紧急或者重要任务的航空器，班期飞行或者转场飞行的航空器，速度大的航空器，应当允许优先起飞；对有故障的航空器，剩余油量少的航空器，执行紧急或者重要任务的航空器，班期飞行和航路、航线飞行或者转场飞行的航空器，应当允许优先降落。 　　第九十五条　飞行指挥用无线电实施。指挥用语应当简短、明确、易懂、规范。 　　未配备无线电通信设备的航空器，无线电受干扰或者无线电通信设备发生故障的航空器，按照本规则附件一的规定实施指挥。 　　第九十六条　现用机场应当设飞行管制室、起飞线塔台（指挥塔台）或者机场管制塔台，其位置应当有良好的视界，可观察到机场、净空地带以及航空器飞行和航空器在机场上的活动。 　　机场飞行管制室、起飞线塔台（指挥塔台）或者机场管制塔台，应当配备指挥和保障飞行的通信设备、雷达显示设备或者雷达标图以及其他有关设备和必要的文件图表等。 　　第九十七条　作战飞行的指挥，按照中国人民解放军有关规定执行。

Flight command shall be organized and implemented in accordance with these Rules and relevant regulations, ensuring correctness, timeliness, and continuity. Article 90: Flight commanders must earnestly perform their duties, maintain airport and airspace order and flight discipline, and shall: (1) Understand flight missions, flight plans, the technical level and health status of flight personnel, aircraft performance and onboard equipment, as well as the status of various support work; (2) Master flight dynamics, understand weather changes, promptly notify flight personnel of relevant air situations and direct them to fly accurately according to the plan; (3) When air situations change, take timely measures and handle correctly. Article 91: Flight command must arrange flight order according to the following allocation principles: (1) All flights give way to combat flights; (2) Other flights give way to special flights and important mission flights; (3) Domestic general mission flights give way to scheduled flights; (4) Training flights give way to mission flights; (5) Within-airport flights give way to outside-airport flights; (6) Within-airport and outside-airport flights give way to transit flights. Article 92: During flight operations, all personnel participating in flight and support must obey the command of the flight commander. Article 93: When military aircraft and civil aircraft based at the same airport operate simultaneously, unified command must be implemented. The military aviation unit shall dispatch a flight commander, and the civil aviation unit shall dispatch a deputy flight commander. The deputy flight commander is responsible for reporting the navigation parameters and relevant flight status of civil aircraft to the flight commander, and shall command civil aircraft in accordance with the flight commander's instructions. Article 94: When aircraft performing different missions or different types of aircraft operate simultaneously at the same airport, the priority order for takeoff and landing shall be arranged according to specific circumstances. Priority for takeoff shall be given to aircraft performing emergency or important missions, scheduled flights or transit flights, and aircraft with higher speed; priority for landing shall be given to aircraft with malfunctions, aircraft with low remaining fuel, aircraft performing emergency or important missions, scheduled flights, route flights, or transit flights. Article 95: Flight command shall be conducted by radio. Command language shall be concise, clear, understandable, and standardized. Aircraft not equipped with radio communication equipment, or aircraft with radio interference or radio communication equipment malfunction, shall be commanded in accordance with the provisions of Appendix 1 of these Rules. Article 96: Active airports shall establish flight control rooms, takeoff line towers (control towers), or airport control towers, whose positions shall have good visibility to observe the airport, clear zones, and aircraft flight and activities on the airport. Airport flight control rooms, takeoff line towers (control towers), or airport control towers shall be equipped with communication equipment for command and flight support, radar display equipment or radar plotting, and other relevant equipment and necessary documents and charts. Article 97: Command of combat flights shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant provisions of the People's Liberation Army.

飞行中的特殊情况，是指突然发生的危及飞行安全的情况。 　　对飞行中特殊情况的处置，应当根据情况的性质、飞行条件和可供进行处置的时间来确定。飞行中各种特殊情况的处置办法，由各航空管理部门规定。 　　第九十九条　飞行人员、空中交通管制员、飞行指挥员和各类保障飞行的人员，对飞行中特殊情况的处置必须预有准备。飞行人员应当及时察觉飞行中出现特殊情况的各种征兆，熟练掌握在各种特殊情况下的操作程序和紧急处置方法；空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员，应当熟知在不同的飞行条件下特殊情况的指挥措施和组织援救遇险航空器的方法；各类保障飞行的人员在任何情况下都应当恪尽职守，使各种保障设施经常处于良好状态，随时能为飞行人员、空中交通管制员、飞行指挥员正确处置特殊情况提供有利条件。 　　第一百条　飞行中发生特殊情况，机长必须在保证航空器上人员生命安全的前提下，积极采取措施保全航空器。时间允许的，机长应当及时向空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员报告所发生的情况和准备采取的措施，并且按照其指示行动。 　　空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员应当根据空中具体情况，及时采取正确措施指挥航空器。 　　第一百零一条　在飞行中遇到严重危及航空器和人员安全的情况时，飞行人员应当利用一切手段，重复发出规定的遇险信号。其他航空器飞行人员在飞行中收到遇险信号，应当暂时停止使用无线电发信，必要时协助遇险航空器重复发出遇险信号。 　　空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员在收到航空器发出的遇险信号后，应当迅速查明遇险航空器的位置和险情性质，立即采取措施，并报告上级。 　　第一百零二条　军用航空器遇险时，有关部门应当及时报告当地政府和驻军。当地政府和驻军应当立即组织搜寻援救。在海上搜寻援救遇险航空器时，还应当报告国家海上搜寻援救组织和附近的海上搜寻援救组织，国家海上搜寻援救组织和附近的海上搜寻援救组织应当迅速进行搜寻和援救。 　　民用航空器遇险时，搜寻援救活动的组织与实施按照国家有关规定执行。 　　第一百零三条　航空器在中华人民共和国境外遇险时，应当使用国际通用的遇险信号和频率。在海上飞行遇险时，设备允许的，还应当使用500千赫频率发出遇险信号。

Special situations in flight refer to situations that suddenly occur and endanger flight safety. The handling of special situations in flight shall be determined based on the nature of the situation, flight conditions, and the time available for handling. The methods for handling various special situations in flight shall be stipulated by each aviation management department. Article 99: Flight personnel, air traffic controllers, flight commanders, and all types of flight support personnel must be prepared in advance for handling special situations in flight. Flight personnel shall promptly detect various signs of special situations in flight, proficiently master operating procedures and emergency handling methods under various special situations; air traffic controllers or flight commanders shall be familiar with command measures under different flight conditions and methods for organizing rescue of distressed aircraft; all types of flight support personnel shall, under any circumstances, fulfill their duties diligently, keep various support facilities in good condition at all times, and provide favorable conditions for flight personnel, air traffic controllers, and flight commanders to correctly handle special situations. Article 100: When a special situation occurs in flight, the captain must, on the premise of ensuring the safety of personnel on board, actively take measures to preserve the aircraft. If time permits, the captain shall promptly report the situation and the measures to be taken to the air traffic controller or flight commander, and act in accordance with their instructions. The air traffic controller or flight commander shall, based on the specific air situation, promptly take correct measures to command the aircraft. Article 101: When encountering a situation that seriously endangers the safety of the aircraft and personnel in flight, flight personnel shall use all means to repeatedly transmit the prescribed distress signal. Other aircraft flight personnel who receive a distress signal during flight shall temporarily cease radio transmission and, if necessary, assist the distressed aircraft in repeating the distress signal. After receiving a distress signal from an aircraft, the air traffic controller or flight commander shall quickly ascertain the location of the distressed aircraft and the nature of the distress, immediately take measures, and report to superiors. Article 102: When a military aircraft is in distress, relevant departments shall promptly report to the local government and the stationed military. The local government and stationed military shall immediately organize search and rescue. When conducting maritime search and rescue for a distressed aircraft, they shall also report to the national maritime search and rescue organization and nearby maritime search and rescue organizations, which shall promptly conduct search and rescue. When a civil aircraft is in distress, the organization and implementation of search and rescue activities shall be carried out in accordance with relevant national regulations. Article 103: When an aircraft is in distress outside the territory of the People's Republic of China, internationally recognized distress signals and frequencies shall be used. When in distress during flight over the sea, if equipment permits, the distress signal shall also be transmitted on the frequency of 500 kHz.

通信、导航、雷达、气象和航行情报保障部门应当明确任务，认真履行职责，密切协同，周密组织与实施飞行保障工作。 　　第一百零五条　各种通信、导航设备必须经常处于良好状态，主要设备应当配有备份，保证通信、导航的可靠性和稳定性。 　　有关部门应当加强对航空通信、导航无线电频率的管理和保护。任何单位或者个人使用的无线电台和其他仪器、装置，不得妨碍航空无线电专用频率的正常使用。 　　航路、航线地空通信、导航设备的增设、撤除或者变更，应当经中国人民解放军空军或者国务院民用航空主管部门同意。其中中波导航台和军用、民用航空共用的地空通信、导航设备的撤除还须经使用各方协商同意。 　　第一百零六条　飞行实施过程中，飞行人员、空中交通管制员、飞行指挥员应当按照通信、导航保障规定，正确使用通信、导航设备。 　　第一百零七条　雷达保障部门应当对中华人民共和国境内的所有飞行提供保障。 　　雷达设备应当经常处于良好状态，保证雷达工作的可靠性和稳定性。 　　雷达保障工作，应当按照管制区域或者雷达责任区组织实施。 　　第一百零八条　雷达保障应当做到： 　　（一）及时、准确、连续地测定和通报空中航空器的位置； 　　（二）严密监视航空器按照预定的航路、航线、飞行空域和高度飞行，及时发现和报知航空器偏离航路、航线、改变飞行高度和超出飞行空域的情况； 　　（三）当获知空中有迷航、遇险的航空器时，应当组织有关雷达重点观察，迅速判明迷航、遇险的航空器及有关情况； 　　（四）当飞行区域天气不稳定时，应当根据空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员的要求，及时组织雷达探测天气。 　　第一百零九条　飞行的气象保障工作由航空气象保障部门负责。 　　航空气象保障部门必须严密组织气象保障，及时、准确地提供天气预报、天气实况，及时发布重要气象情报、危险天气警报和通报；必要时可以提出派遣航空器侦察天气和利用探测设备探测天气的建议。 　　有关单位应当优先传递重要气象情报、危险天气警报和通报。 　　机场的气象台，应当根据空中交通管制员或者飞行指挥员下达的任务，对在本机场起飞、降落的航空器，实施气象保障；兼负飞行管制分区（区域）飞行管制任务部门的机场气象台，还应当负责本区内转场飞行的气象保障。 　　国家和各省、自治区、直辖市气象部门应当根据航空单位的申请，提供必要的气象情报。 　　第一百一十条　飞行气象保障的组织与实施，应当按照各航空单位的有关规定执行。 　　飞行保障任务涉及两个以上无隶属关系的气象部门时，应当按照有关协同规定组织实施。 　　第一百一十一条　航行情报部门，应当提供保证飞行安全、正常和效率所需要的各种航行情报资料。 　　有关单位应当主动配合，密切协作，及时提供航行情报，保证航行资料及时、准确和完整。

Communication, navigation, radar, meteorology, and aeronautical information support departments shall clarify tasks, earnestly perform duties, closely coordinate, and carefully organize and implement flight support work. Article 105: Various communication and navigation equipment must be kept in good condition at all times, and main equipment shall have backups to ensure the reliability and stability of communication and navigation. Relevant departments shall strengthen the management and protection of aeronautical communication and navigation radio frequencies. Any radio station or other instruments and devices used by any unit or individual shall not interfere with the normal use of aeronautical radio dedicated frequencies. The addition, removal, or change of air route and airway ground-to-air communication and navigation equipment shall be approved by the People's Liberation Army Air Force or the competent civil aviation authority of the State Council. The removal of medium-wave navigation stations and ground-to-air communication and navigation equipment shared by military and civil aviation shall also be agreed upon by all parties using them. Article 106: During flight operations, flight personnel, air traffic controllers, and flight commanders shall correctly use communication and navigation equipment in accordance with communication and navigation support regulations. Article 107: Radar support departments shall provide support for all flights within the territory of the People's Republic of China. Radar equipment shall be kept in good condition at all times to ensure the reliability and stability of radar operations. Radar support work shall be organized and implemented according to control areas or radar responsibility zones. Article 108: Radar support shall achieve the following: (1) Timely, accurate, and continuous determination and notification of the position of aircraft in the air; (2) Close monitoring of aircraft flying according to predetermined routes, airways, flight areas, and altitudes, and timely detection and reporting of aircraft deviating from routes, airways, changing flight altitudes, or exceeding flight areas; (3) When learning of lost or distressed aircraft in the air, organize relevant radar for focused observation, quickly determine the lost or distressed aircraft and related circumstances; (4) When weather in the flight area is unstable, promptly organize radar weather detection as required by air traffic controllers or flight commanders. Article 109: Meteorological support for flights is the responsibility of the aviation meteorological support department. The aviation meteorological support department must carefully organize meteorological support, provide timely and accurate weather forecasts and actual weather conditions, and promptly issue important meteorological information, hazardous weather warnings, and bulletins; when necessary, it may propose dispatching aircraft for weather reconnaissance or using detection equipment for weather detection. Relevant units shall give priority to transmitting important meteorological information, hazardous weather warnings, and bulletins. The airport meteorological station shall provide meteorological support for aircraft taking off and landing at that airport according to tasks assigned by air traffic controllers or flight commanders; the airport meteorological station of a department also responsible for flight control in a flight control sub-area (area) shall also be responsible for meteorological support for transit flights within that area. National and provincial, autonomous region, and municipal meteorological departments shall provide necessary meteorological information upon application by aviation units. Article 110: The organization and implementation of flight meteorological support shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant provisions of each aviation unit. When a flight support task involves two or more meteorological departments without subordinate relationships, it shall be organized and implemented in accordance with relevant coordination provisions. Article 111: The aeronautical information department shall provide various aeronautical information materials needed to ensure flight safety, normalcy, and efficiency. Relevant units shall actively cooperate, closely coordinate, and promptly provide aeronautical information to ensure that navigation data is timely, accurate, and complete.

外国航空器飞入或者飞出中华人民共和国领空，或者在中华人民共和国境内飞行、停留，必须按照中华人民共和国的有关规定获得批准。 　　第一百一十三条　外国航空器在中华人民共和国境内的航路、航线飞行时，由中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门负责提供空中交通管制服务。 　　第一百一十四条　外国航空器飞入或者飞出中华人民共和国领空，必须按照规定的航路飞入或者飞出。飞入或者飞出领空前20至15分钟，其机组必须向中华人民共和国有关空中交通管制部门报告，并取得飞入或者飞出领空的许可；未经许可，不得飞入或者飞出。 　　第一百一十五条　未经批准擅自飞入或者飞出中华人民共和国领空的外国民用航空器，中华人民共和国有关机关有权采取必要措施，令其在指定的机场降落。 　　在中华人民共和国境内飞行、停留的外国民用航空器违反本规则规定的，由中华人民共和国有关空中交通管制部门采取措施，令其纠正。情节严重的，有关部门可以采取必要措施，直至迫使其在指定机场降落。

Foreign aircraft entering or leaving the airspace of the People's Republic of China, or flying or staying within the territory of the People's Republic of China, must obtain approval in accordance with the relevant provisions of the People's Republic of China. Article 113: When foreign aircraft fly on air routes or airways within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the competent civil aviation authority of the State Council of the People's Republic of China shall be responsible for providing air traffic control services. Article 114: Foreign aircraft entering or leaving the airspace of the People's Republic of China must enter or leave via the prescribed air routes. 20 to 15 minutes before entering or leaving the airspace, the crew must report to the relevant air traffic control department of the People's Republic of China and obtain permission to enter or leave; without permission, they shall not enter or leave. Article 115: For foreign civil aircraft that enter or leave the airspace of the People's Republic of China without authorization, the relevant authorities of the People's Republic of China have the right to take necessary measures to order them to land at a designated airport. If a foreign civil aircraft flying or staying within the territory of the People's Republic of China violates the provisions of these Rules, the relevant air traffic control department of the People's Republic of China shall take measures to order correction. If the circumstances are serious, the relevant department may take necessary measures, up to forcing it to land at a designated airport.

违反本规则规定，《中华人民共和国民用航空法》及有关法规对其处罚有明确规定的，从其规定；无明确规定的，适用本章规定。 　　第一百一十七条　未按本规则规定履行审批、备案或者其他手续的，由有关部门按照职责分工责令改正；情节严重的，对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予行政处分或者纪律处分；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。 　　第一百一十八条　飞行人员未按本规则规定履行职责的，由有关部门依法给予行政处分或者纪律处分；情节严重的，依法给予吊扣执照一个月至六个月的处罚，或者责令停飞一个月至三个月；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。 　　第一百一十九条　空中交通管制员、飞行指挥员未按本规则规定履行职责的，由有关部门视情节给予批评教育、警告、记过、降职或者取消资格，免除职务的处分；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。 　　第一百二十条　飞行保障部门及其人员未按本规则规定履行职责的，由有关航空管理部门视情节给予通报批评；对直接负责的主管人员或者其他责任人员依法给予行政处分或者纪律处分；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

For violations of these Rules, if the Civil Aviation Law of the People's Republic of China and relevant regulations have clear provisions on penalties, those provisions shall apply; if there are no clear provisions, the provisions of this Chapter shall apply. Article 117: Failure to perform approval, filing, or other procedures as required by these Rules shall be ordered to correct by the relevant department according to its division of responsibilities; if the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible supervisors and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions or disciplinary sanctions according to law; if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued according to law. Article 118: If flight personnel fail to perform their duties as required by these Rules, the relevant department shall give administrative sanctions or disciplinary sanctions according to law; if the circumstances are serious, they shall be punished by suspending their license for one to six months, or ordered to stop flying for one to three months; if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued according to law. Article 119: If air traffic controllers or flight commanders fail to perform their duties as required by these Rules, the relevant department shall, depending on the circumstances, give criticism education, warnings, demerits, demotion, or disqualification, or removal from position; if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued according to law. Article 120: If flight support departments and their personnel fail to perform their duties as required by these Rules, the relevant aviation management department shall, depending on the circumstances, give circular criticism; the directly responsible supervisors or other responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions or disciplinary sanctions according to law; if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued according to law.

中华人民共和国航空器在本国领海以外毗连区、专属经济区和公海上空飞行，中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约同本规则有不同规定的，适用国际条约的规定；但是，中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。 　　第一百二十二条　拦截违反本规则的航空器所使用的信号和被拦截的航空器回答的信号，按照本规则附件三的规定执行。 　　第一百二十三条　本规则下列用语的含义： 　　航空单位，是指拥有航空器并从事航空飞行活动的机关或者单位，包括航空运输公司、飞行俱乐部、飞行部队、飞行院校等。 　　航空管理部门，是指对从事飞行活动的航空单位具有管理职能的机关或者单位，包括中国民用航空总局、国家体育总局、航空工业集团公司，中国人民解放军海军、空军、总参谋部陆航局等。 　　过渡高度，是指一个特定的修正海平面气压高度。在此高度及其以下，航空器的垂直位置按修正海平面气压高度表示。 　　过渡高，是指一个特定的场面气压高。在此高及其以下，航空器的垂直位置按场面气压高表示。 　　过渡高度层，是指在过渡高度之上的最低可用飞行高度层。 　　终端管制区，是指设在一个或者几个主要机场附近的空中交通服务航路汇合处的管制区。 　　第一百二十四条　本规则自2001年8月1日零时起施行。国务院、中央军事委员会1977年4月21日颁发的《中华人民共和国飞行基本规则》同时废止。

When aircraft of the People's Republic of China fly over the contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone, and high seas beyond the territorial sea of the People's Republic of China, if international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China contain different provisions from these Rules, the provisions of the international treaties shall apply; however, clauses reserved by the People's Republic of China are excluded. Article 122: The signals used for intercepting aircraft that violate these Rules and the signals answered by the intercepted aircraft shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of Appendix 3 of these Rules. Article 123: The meanings of the following terms in these Rules: Aviation unit refers to an organ or unit that owns aircraft and engages in aviation flight activities, including air transport companies, flying clubs, flight units, flight academies, etc. Aviation management department refers to an organ or unit with management functions over aviation units engaged in flight activities, including the Civil Aviation Administration of China, the General Administration of Sport of China, the Aviation Industry Corporation of China, the Navy and Air Force of the People's Liberation Army, the Army Aviation Bureau of the General Staff, etc. Transition altitude refers to a specific altitude above mean sea level (QNH). At and below this altitude, the vertical position of an aircraft is expressed as altitude above mean sea level (QNH). Transition height refers to a specific height above the aerodrome level (QFE). At and below this height, the vertical position of an aircraft is expressed as height above the aerodrome level (QFE). Transition level refers to the lowest usable flight level above the transition altitude. Terminal control area refers to a control area established at the confluence of air traffic service routes near one or more major airports. Article 124: These Rules shall come into effect from 00:00 on August 1, 2001. The Basic Rules of the People's Republic of China for Flight issued by the State Council and the Central Military Commission on April 21, 1977, shall be simultaneously abolished.

附件一　辅助指挥、联络的符号和信号（一）（略） 　　　　　　辅助指挥、联络的符号和信号（二）（略） 　　附件二　飞行高度层配备标准示意图（略） 　　附件三　拦截航空器和被拦截航空器的动作信号（略）

Appendix 1: Symbols and Signals for Auxiliary Command and Liaison (1) (omitted) Symbols and Signals for Auxiliary Command and Liaison (2) (omitted) Appendix 2: Schematic Diagram of Flight Level Allocation Standards (omitted) Appendix 3: Action Signals for Intercepting Aircraft and Intercepted Aircraft (omitted)